Duration
30h Th
Number of credits
Lecturer
Language(s) of instruction
French language
Organisation and examination
Teaching in the first semester, review in January
Schedule
Units courses prerequisite and corequisite
Prerequisite or corequisite units are presented within each program
Learning unit contents
The course focuses on the phenomenon of attention and surveys its role in our mental lives, with particular emphasis on questions concerning its nature, its relationship to phenomenal consciousness, its epistemic significance, and its moral and political importance. Despite the pervasive and crucial roles that attention plays in perception, cognition, and action, its nature remains controversial, and many philosophical questions concerning attention remain comparatively underexplored.
The course is divided into four modules. The first is devoted to the metaphysics of attention and examines different accounts of what attention is. The second focuses on the relationship between attention and phenomenal consciousness, including the question of whether attention is necessary for consciousness and the ways in which attention may affect phenomenal experience. The third turns to the epistemology of attention, investigating the role of attention in justification, knowledge, and introspection. The fourth examines the moral and political significance of attention, including questions concerning the appropriate distribution of attention, attentional injustice, and the contemporary attention economy.
More specifically, some of the questions we will address are the following:
- What is the nature and functional role of attention?
- What are the main philosophical theories of attention?
- Is attention necessary for consciousness? Or does consciousness overflow attention?
- How does attention modify the phenomenal character of experience?
- What role does attention play in generating knowledge and justifying our beliefs?
- What role does attention play in the acquisition of introspective knowledge?
- Can the allocation of attention itself be subject to moral evaluation?
- What ethical problems arise from the social distribution of attention and contemporary attention markets?
Learning outcomes of the learning unit
By the end of the course,
(i) you will be familiar with the main theses and debates concerning attention within analytic philosophy of mind, as well as with its connections to epistemology and moral and political philosophy, and you will have developed your own ideas on these issues;
(ii) you will have strengthened your ability to understand and analyze a contemporary philosophical text and to critically evaluate a philosophical argument;
(iii) you will be encouraged to develop your own philosophical ideas and to actively engage in philosophical discussion.
Prerequisite knowledge and skills
Bachelor in Philosophy.
Understanding written and spoken English is required. The course will be taught in English, and all teaching materials will also be in English. Students may, however, express themselves entirely in French in all written and oral work (including the essay, questions submitted before class, in-class contributions, and all exchanges with the instructor). A good command of written and spoken English is nevertheless essential.
Planned learning activities and teaching methods
Each class will be based on the required reading assigned for that session (see course schedule) and will normally be structured around the following activities:
- Contextualization of the reading within the relevant philosophical debate.
- Reconstruction of the author's main thesis and central arguments.
- Critical discussion of the arguments, objections, and broader implications.
- Arriving on time.
- Participating actively in class discussions.
- Completing the required reading before each session.
- Submitting one substantive question about the assigned reading by midnight on the day before the session.
Mode of delivery (face to face, distance learning, hybrid learning)
Face-to-face course
Course materials and recommended or required readings
Platform(s) used for course materials:
- eCampus
- MyULiège
Further information:
Text to consult for a fairly comprehensive and systematic introduction to the topic:
- Wu, Wayne (2014). Attention. London/New York: Routledge.
Tentative program (subject to change). All readings are available on eCampus.
Part I - The Metaphysics of Attention
Week 1 - September 16: Off Campus
Week 2 - September 23: Introduction
Week 3 - September 30: Attention as structuring the stream of consciousness
Required: (Watzl 2011).
Week 4 - October 7: Attention as selection for action
Required: (Wu 2011).
Part II - Attention and Consciousness
Week 5 - October 14: The effects of attention on the phenomenology of experience (Class taught by Ethan Field)
Required: (Watzl 2017: Ch. 8).
Week 6 - October 21: Inattentional blindness
Required: (Wu 2014: Ch. 5).
Week 7 - October 28: Off campus
Week 8 - November 4: Attention and cognitive access
Required: (Wu 2014: Ch. 6).
Week 9 - November 11: Off campus
Part III - The Epistemic Significance of Attention
Week 10 - November 18: Attention and knowledge
Required: (Siegel and Silins 2013).
Week 11 - November 25: Attention and introspection: the problem of self-observation (Class taught by Ethan Field)
Required: (Giustina 2025).
Part IV - The Ethics and Politics of Attention
Week 12 - December 2: The ethics of attention
Required: (Watzl 2022).
Week 13 - December 9: Attention, social identity, and injustice
Required: (Whiteley 2023).
Week 14 - December 16: The attention economy
Required: (Browne and Watzl 2026).
References
Browne, Katharine & Sebastian Watzl (2026). "The Attention Market-and What Is Wrong with It." Philosophical Studies 183: 227-257.
Giustina, Anna (2025). "Spelling Out the Problem of Self-Observation." Journal of Consciousness Studies 32 (11): 194-205.
Siegel, Susanna & Nicholas Silins (2014). "Consciousness, Attention, and Justification." In Dylan Dodd & Elia Zardini (eds.), Scepticism and Perceptual Justification, 149-170. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Watzl, Sebastian (2011). "Attention as Structuring of the Stream of Consciousness." In Christopher Mole, Declan Smithies & Wayne Wu (eds.), Attention: Philosophical and Psychological Essays, 145-173. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Watzl, Sebastian (2017). Structuring Mind: The Nature of Attention and How It Shapes Consciousness, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Watzl, Sebastian (2022). "The Ethics of Attention: An Argument and a Framework." In Sophie Archer (ed.), Salience: A Philosophical Inquiry, 89-112. Abingdon: Routledge.
Whiteley, Ella Kate (2023). "'A Woman First and a Philosopher Second': Relative Attentional Surplus on the Wrong Property." Ethics 133 (4): 497-528.
Wu, Wayne (2011). "Attention as Selection for Action." In Christopher Mole, Declan Smithies & Wayne Wu (eds.), Attention: Philosophical and Psychological Essays, 97-116. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Wu, Wayne (2014). Attention. London/New York: Routledge.
Exam(s) in session
Any session
- In-person
written exam AND oral exam
Written work / report
Continuous assessment
Further information:
Components of Assessment
The final grade will take into account the following elements:
- Attendance. Class attendance is mandatory.
- Class participation (pass/fail).
- First essay (draft, pass/fail).
- Final essay + oral exam = 100%.
Students are expected to participate actively in class discussions. This involves
- (i) attending every class session;
- (ii) reading each required article or chapter before the session to which it is assigned;
- (iii) sending me, before midnight on the day preceding the session, at least one question about the required reading. Over the course of the semester, each student must submit a question for at least 6 of the 10 required readings.
For the essays, you are free to choose the topic that interests you most, provided that it is clearly related to the themes of the course. I am available during office hours to discuss your ideas.
You will be required to submit:
(1) A first essay (draft) toward the end of November (the exact date will be agreed upon together). The draft will not be graded, but its submission is mandatory in order to pass the course. You will receive comments on your work, which you will be expected to take into account in the final version.
(2) A final essay (minimum 3000 words, maximum 4000 words), to be submitted no later than one week before the final exam. During the oral exam, you will be required to (i) briefly present your essay and (ii) explain how you have taken my comments into account or, where applicable, justify the reasons why you chose not to incorporate them. The final assessment will be based on these two elements as well as on the quality of the essay itself.
To prepare your final essay, you may consult three brief guides to writing a short philosophy paper, available in the Course Materials section.
AI Usage
Students are required to familiarize themselves with the ULiège Charter on the Use of Generative Artificial Intelligence in Academic Work in order to ensure that any use is reflective, responsible, critical, and transparent: https://www.student.uliege.be/cms/c_19230399/fr/faq-student-charte-uliege-dutilisation-des-intelligences-artificielles-generatives-dans-les-travaux-universitaires.
The use of AI is prohibited, except when used as a linguistic assistant: such assistance may be used to improve texts that you have written yourself (wording, formatting, etc.).
If a student uses an LLM, they must declare this use in the introduction to their work, indicating the type of assistance requested (rephrasing, brainstorming, language correction, literature search, etc.). Any failure to disclose or any concealment of the use of AI may be considered a breach of academic integrity rules.
Work placement(s)
Organisational remarks and main changes to the course
Course schedule: see syllabus.
Contacts
Jacopo Pallagrosi
Department of Philosophy
7, Place du 20-août, Building A1/2nd floor
B-4000 Liège
email: jacopo.pallagrosi@uliege.be
Association of one or more MOOCs
There is no MOOC associated with this course.